Pestle Analysis of Barclays Plc - 1083 Words

PESTEL ANALYSIS OF BARCLAYS PLC PESTLE analysis is very useful for studying the environment in which a company operates and accessing external factors influencing the company in the markets it operates. PESTLE is the acronym for the following categories of investigation: political, economic, sociological, technological, legal and environmental (Cheverton, 2004; Partridge and Sinclair-Hunt, 2006). Discussing the political factors influencing operation of the banks in the national, local and regional levels and legislation, it should be mentioned that banks have always been to a certain degree regulated by the government (Benston, 2000). For example, government determines the fraction of reserves that a commercial bank should keep with†¦show more content†¦It may be concluded that the higher the GDP indices are, the greater amounts of money come through banking system, and the more favourable position Barclays plc would have in a given country. However, it cannot be stated for sure that South Africa provides better conditions for Barclay’s operation. The economy of the USA proves to be the largest and most of the bank’s transactions are carried out in the UK. Interest rates in the discussed countries appear to look the following way: Figure 7: United Kingdom Interest Rate [pic] Source: Bank of England, 2009 Figure 8: United States Interest Rate [pic] Source: Federal Reserve, 2009 Comparing interest rates in the UK and US, it can be stated that the US Federal Reserve conducts a zero rate policy. However, it does not imply that loans made in the US are free of charge for businesses. Figure 9: South Africa Interest Rate [pic] Source: Reserve bank of South Africa, 2009 On the contrary, interest rate in South Africa is rather high. It is not even close to zero level, but constitutes more than 7%. However, the tendency of fall from the period of summer 2008 may be observed. At the same time it does not mean that loans will be easier to obtain and that they will be available. Speaking about banking industry, the set of socio-cultural, technological and ecological factors will not be excessively significant. Indeed, operating in the global scale, BarclaysShow MoreRelatedInternational Marketing Strategies of Hyundai in India23604 Words   |  95 Pagesof marketing strategy development .............................................. 25 5 | P a g e 3.1.10 Key elements of marketing strategy formulation ................................................ 26 3.2 Environmental analysis ............................................................................................... 26 3.2.1 External market audit .......................................................................................... 27 3.2Read MoreAnalysis of the Music Industry30024 Words   |  121 Pagestowards the more intellectual or minority types of music (classical, jazz and world music). In mainstream music, recording and marketing are now dominated by just four `majors worldwide, one of which is the UK s own giant record company, EMI Group PLC. The other majors are Universal Music Group and Warner Music Group, based in the US, and Sony BMG, a Japanese/German joint venture only created in 2004. One of EMI s major strengths is its historic catalogue of recordings — and copyrights — which

Federal Bureau Of Investigation ( Fbi ) Defines Terrorism

Introduction The federal bureau of investigation (FBI) defines terrorism as the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, and/or any segment thereof. If one makes the argument that BLM is a terrorist group the ideology of the movement must fit within the framework stated above. First, BLM stands for â€Å"Black Lives Matter†. It, in itself is nothing more than a concept about which all else revolves. It is true, the â€Å"Black Lives Matter† movement has motivates however the motivates of these individuals is what sets them apart from other groups in which has been labeled terrorist. Unlike terrorist groups, â€Å"Black Lives Matter† is not an organization based on their ideology, one cannot attach the use of force and violence to the BLM movement, and the movement does not coerce the civilian population. Is BLM an Organization? In addition to defining terrorism, you also have to address whether or not the â€Å"Black Lives Matter† movement is an organization. An organization is defined as an organized body of people with a particular purpose/ the act of organizing something. If guided by this definition one may find that â€Å"Black Lives Matter† is not a organization. According to news companies headlining the BLM interruption of Bernie Sanders campaign there was a very difficult question to answer; who is a part of BLM? A question that still has no answer. The phrase â€Å"Black Lives Matter† can refer to aShow MoreRelatedThe Difference between Terrorism and Domestic Terrorism Essay1104 Words   |  5 Pagesterms terrorism and domestic terrorism are very similar concepts. There are, however, slight differences in each. Entities that are apart of the Government have slightly different ways of explaining what they believe to be the correct definition of terrorism and domestic terror ism. In this paper the author will offer definitions of the two terms and state which one they agree with the most. The author will also state how the two terms are best differentiated. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)Read MoreHow The United States Should Combat Such A Horrific Form Of Warfare And Political Change1398 Words   |  6 Pages Much has been made of terrorism and political crime lately. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center buildings and the Pentagon most have asked questions such as: How could this happen? Why would someone do this to so many innocent people? And possibly even more importantly, how do we prevent this from happening again? The attacks on that tragic day weren’t the first in our country though they were the most devastating to date. They were devastating in accordance with casualtiesRead MoreThe Bombing Of The United States Essay843 Words   |  4 Pagesthe FBI and law enforcement agencies’ first and foremost agenda was to keep Americans safe, answers were needed immediately to determine if there were plans for bombing other U.S. cities, and they made the most logical decision within the c ontext of the law to react quickly by delaying Tsarnaev’s Miranda Rights justifiably. In the first place, Tsarnaev’s citizenship became questionable when terroristic acts were committed against America. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), thisRead MoreEssay on Black Women and the Crooked Room1226 Words   |  5 Pagesevents that led to anger. For example in Assata: An Autobiography by Assata Shakur she states how she objected to being photographed in a wig, a dress and glasses that resemble pictures of a woman on film during a bank robbery. The judge orders federal marshals to take the pictures with whatever force necessary to obtain pictures including physical restraints which led Assata to react and fight back (161). An additional stereotype that worked to situate Assata Shakur in a crooked room was thatRead MoreI Would Like To Identify And Describe The Major Functions1667 Words   |  7 PagesJustice. I would like to start with the Bureau of Corrections. I chose this one first, because I work for the Department of Corrections. The Federal Bureau of Prisons (FBOP) or BOP is a United States federal law enforcement agency. A sector of the U.S. Department of Justice, the BOP is responsible for the administration of the federal prison system such as white collar crimes, bank robberies, fraudulent check writing basically any crime associated with breaking federal law. The system handles inmates whoRead MoreTerrorism Training : White, Department Of Criminal Justice, Faulkner State Community College2855 Words   |  12 PagesTerrorism Training Bronze R. Green Faulkner State Community College Authors Note Bronze R. Green, Department of Criminal Justice, Faulkner State Community College. Bronze R. Green is still at Department of Criminal Justice, Faulkner State Community College. Correspondence concerning this article should e addressed to Bronze R. Green, Department of Criminal Justice, Faulkner State Community College, Bay Minette, AL 36507. Contact: bronze.green@yahoo.com â€Æ' Abstract This paper explores various publishedRead MoreIslamic State Terrorists Destroyed Iraq Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pagesin February 2015 (Ferran Momtaz, 2015). These crimes are only a few of the several committed by ISIS. The Isis ideology consists of the restoration of the caliphate of early Islam, and pledging allegiance to it. Robert Spencer, a journalist, defines the caliphate in his article â€Å"The Caliphate Restored,† in which he says the caliphate was the center of the Muslim community, which consisted of a caliph, a chosen person from the most pious and capable men of the community, who was considered toRead MoreDomestic Terrorism Related Intelligence.2158 Words   |  9 PagesDomestic Terrorism-Related Intelligence Abstract Domestic terrorism is like cancer that eats away at the very values and beliefs of the American people. Instead of combining efforts to peacefully and legally enact change, domestic terrorists take the law and actions into their own hands. Groups such as eco-terrorists use firebombing to make their point that the Earth will be protected at all costs. That cost even meant human lives. Militia groups feel the same way. Their goal is not about savingRead MoreDomestic Terrorism Is America s Greatest Threat : Mass Shootings And Hate Crimes1389 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic Terrorism is America s Greatest Threat: Mass Shootings and Hate Crimes I. Introduction The United States has been in a national state of emergency fighting a war on terrorism since September 11, 2001. The intelligence communities have pursued and tracked down terrorist suspects who pose a direct threat to this country, yet one of the greatest threat to this country is the astronomical number of mass shootings and hate crimes that have occurred in this country post 9/11. The UnitedRead MoreTerrorist Essay1588 Words   |  7 Pagessecurity, subverted the very rights and liberties which make the defense of the Nation worthwhile. The Federal Bureau of Investigation premier law enforcement agency has played the central role in fighting terrorism at home. In recent years, the Bureau has penetrated and prosecuted a bewildering array of organized criminal groups. It has pursued public corruption at all levels of local, state and federal government, while demonstrating a resistance to the kinds of corruption that have sometimes plagued

African American Studies The Matrix Of American Ethnic...

As the United States’ population has increasingly become more racially and ethnically diverse and there are more access to Higher Education, there has been a trend for a presence of Ethnic Studies in Academia. These â€Å"Area† Focused disciplines tries to distinguish their goals apart from other disciplines, which encourages Ethnic Studies to constantly change. Using Color-Line To Borderlands: The Matrix of American Ethnic Studies, I will focus on the following Ethnic Studies and their goals: African American Studies, Women’s Studies, Chicano/a Studies, Native American Studies, and Asian American Studies, and Queer Studies. African American studies, which can be seen as the first Ethnic Studies to be introduced in Academia has several values that they want to embody. Originally, African American studies was a grassroots student-led response to institutional racism in Higher Education. These students in the 60’s felt that African Americans’ narrativ e was not vocalized in Higher Education curriculum (115). Nathan Huggins would also include that African American Studies was indirectly fighting for social justice (116). Robert L Harris would argue that African American Studies can be traced back even further to the 1890’s when people were researching the Black Culture, but he would ultimately agree that African American Studies formerly became part of the Higher Education institution around 1960’s/70’s. African American Studies focused on the struggles between black-nationalismShow MoreRelatedMulticultural Matrix and Analysis Worksheet Essay2249 Words   |  9 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Material Multicultural Matrix and Analysis Worksheet Instructions: Part I: Select and identify six groups in the left-hand column. Complete the matrix. Part II: Write a summary. Part III: Format references consistent with APA guidelines. Part I: Matrix | What is the group’s history in the United States? | What is the group’s population in the United States? | What are some attitudes and customs people of this group may practice? | What is something you admire aboutRead MoreRace, Class, Gender And Class Relations At A Real Estate Agency1313 Words   |  6 PagesRace, class and gender affect the work experience of almost all workers in the American market. The three main areas race, class, and gender interlock to form the matrix of domination because they interlock and overlap one another. The areas that the overlapping and interlocking effect are the areas of America s work experience and its effect on earnings and labor conditions. These three forces help to shape the experience of workers, and depending on various dynamics, for example if there is anRead MoreWorking Class And Poor Adolescents Of The Connection Between Income, Education, Families, And Political Action1155 Words   |  5 Pagesarticle is an ethnographical study which was interested in Working Class Without Work (Weis 1990), Between Two World (Weis, 1985), Framing Dropouts (Fin,1991), Disruptive Voices (Fine, 1992), and Beyond Silenced Voices (Weis Fine, 1993). The study aims to explore the perspectives of working class and poor adolescents of the connection between income, education, families and political action. The study was expended and add ethnic groups like Latino, African American, and White in young adult betweenRead MoreCulturally Responsive Teaching : An Emerging Field1509 Words   |  7 Pagesdifference is the single largest difference in U.S. schools and also the most neglected. The goal of Culturally Responsive Teaching is to provide an equal opportunity for all students to learn in school, regardless of their gender, social class, ethnic, racial or cultural characteristics (Banks 2005). Ladson-Billings (1994) suggest that the historic failings of educators in educating non-white students is that educators attempt to insert culture into education rather than insert education into theRead MoreA Multi Institutional Study Funded By The American Legacy Foundation1587 Words   |  7 PagesStudy 1 Sample As part of a multi-institutional study funded by the American Legacy Foundation (ALF), 743 undergraduates self-identifying as Mexican-American were recruited from college campuses in California, Florida, New York, and Texas. The primary aim of the overall study was to compare smoking-related behaviors and attitudes across Hispanic subgroups (see American Legacy Foundation, 2014; Hale, Perrotte, Baumann, Garza, in press). Participants completed an online survey requiring up toRead MoreEssay on Test Bias1592 Words   |  7 Pagesthe lives of the test-taker. The test-taker is unaware of these biases that are in favor of or in opposition of specific groups of people and the results could have a major effect on the test-taker. Testing has become a major aspect of the American society. In academic settings, tests scores are used in determining if a student will graduate high school, selecting students for admission to college, placing students into special education, and various other reasons. Within the corporate arenaRead MoreTaking a Look at Systemic Sclerosis896 Words   |  4 Pagesdestroys healthy body tissue. Autoimmune diseases, there are cell-mediated immune responses against parts of the body’s own tissues. Many times autoimmune diseases are referred to â€Å"body snatchers†. The progressive nonconformity of extra cellular matrix deposition, cutaneous and multi-organ visceral fibrosis, alternations in microvasculature like small arteries and vessels, and body fluid immunological abnormalities are characteristics of progressive systemic sclerosis. Connective tissue involvementRead MoreCyberbullying And Race / Ethnicity : A Study Of Philadelphia High School Students2894 Words   |  12 Pages Ping Nguyen Professor Phyllis Solomon Literature Review Bullying and Race/Ethnicity: A Study of Philadelphia High School Students University of Pennsylvania â€Æ' Bullying and Harassments Bullying and harassment within the K-12 school setting, based on research studies continues to be a problem with great consequences for the victims such as suicidal thoughts, lower grade point averages, high truancy and high drop-out rates. Research on the connection between bullying and harassment and academicRead MoreDepression Case Study1786 Words   |  8 PagesTwo distinct statistics have quickly increased over the years in the United States: the Latino population and American youth with depression. In 2015, studies reported 12.7% of children living within the United States, ages 12-17, are diagnosed with depression, a 4% increase from the last reported statistic of depression in adolescents in 2007 at 8.7% (NIMH, 2015). This statistic correlates with the rise of Latinos in the United States, as data consensus predicted Latino adolescents will compriseRead MoreThe Effects Of Rap Music On Social Behavior Essay1693 Words   |  7 Pages41-43). However, with the increase in youth violence as the leading cause of death and injuries in the society, families and the communities tends to be the one putting up with the costly and damaging health consequences of violence. In addition, in American society today, the media plays a critical role directly and indirectly in promoting violent and antisocial behavior, by televising violent music and music videos, which is most times associated with aggressive and violent behavior amongst its viewers

Social Media s National Eating Disorder Awareness Week

A pint of Ben Jerry’s Half Baked ice cream has a total of 270 calories in it. One bag of potato chips contains 1,217 calories and four cookies from a Chips Ahoy! box are worth 190 calories. Numbers, they’re just numbers. Yet we focus so stringently on numbers. Weight, calories, miles, minutes, they’re all just numbers. Kenny walks into the gym and starts to lace up his sneakers. Looking around the gym, he sees several of his buddies benching 200+ pounds. Man, wish I could be that strong, he thinks to himself as he heads to the treadmill. Kenny’s a runner, always has been, always will be. When he looks in the mirror, he doesn’t see that his ribs are so prominent it looks like the skin’s going to give way. All he sees is fat and all he†¦show more content†¦Holistically, eating disorders include ramped up emotions, beliefs, and behaviors regarding diet and weight. There are various forms of the disorder, but the two most heavily thought of are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa, according to the National Eating Order organization website, involves self-starvation, rapid weight loss and can be life threatening. Likewise, bulimia nervosa also is life threatening and can be characterized by a pattern of binge eating followed by self-inflicted vomiting. In the mind of someone who’s suffering bulimia, this purging of a meal is compensating for the calories, the numbers. Currently, there is no known cause of why eating disorders form in their victims, but social constructs of ideal body weight play a seemingly dangerous role in their manifestation. Despite the latest focus on the societally born problem, I personally feel like another form of an eating disorder has gone overlooked. Now, eating disorders on the whole are a huge problem plaguing the health and minds of our society, but awareness needs to be raised about all of its cancerous ways. Anorexia Athletica is characterized by excessive or compulsive exercise and is not considered a form of a mental health issue formally. Differing opinions aside, excessive exercising frequently co-occurs with eating disorders. In addition, studies have found that

Behavior of Successful Leaders

Question: Discuss about theBehavior of Successful Leaders. Answer: Introduction: The characteristics, which distinguish a leader from the rest of the crowd, are not found in every individual. Every walk of life people with certain characteristics emerge as successful leaders. Whether managers at workplace, or the captains of sports teams, the leaders have certain behavior that sets them apart and make people follow them. As it is often said, great leaders are not born but made by various characteristics, habits and behavior they showcase. Successful leaders learn positive behaviors, which over the long time unconsciously become characteristic of their nature. The contingency theory of leadership suggests that the leaders are based on the contingency and this theory suggest that leaders are developed based on the situation or actions. This theory suggests that the key attribute of leaders is one who always has the backup plan. The behavioral theory describes leaders as the set of behavior exhibits by the leaders. In order to become a successful leader, one must project some distinct behaviors. Among the various such behaviors, one of the most important one is that the leader must make sure that his followers feel safe to approach him. He must be accessible to his followers. It is not uncommon for the followers or junior employees get intimidated by the power and position of his seniors or leaders. This could make the senior managers good professional but not a successful leader. A leader is successful when he is able to bring the attention of his followers from his personality to his actions and encourage them to come up with their own ideas and opinions.Thus the successful leaders effectively make others feel secure to speak to him and give their own views. Another behavior prominent among successful leaders is to effectively make decisions. The role of leaders either makes decision-making in the workplace easier or takes decision making them. The main aim is to ensure that the goal is achieved for the team or the company. Successful leaders are expert in making informed and knowledgeable decisions even in some stressful situations. The ability to successfully communicate is one of the greatest assets of a leader. They are able to communicate the performance expectations effectively to their team members and followers. They also use communication medium to reinforce companys mission and visions and the importance of part played by employees in the overall picture of the companys success. For example, if a team leader keeps the team on track with the companys goals, the performance of the team would be effective and fruitful (Crevani, Lindgren and Packendorff, 2010). The Trait theory of leadership advocates that the leaders are based on the internal traits. In managing people successfully, the role of a leader incorporates knowing the attitudes, competences and areas for development in his employees. Effective leader make use of these information to challenge his employees and help them attain higher potential of their capabilities. Though it keeps the followers always on their toes, but also allows them to grow with their leaders. Such leaders also allow people to be accountable for themselves in order to inculcate responsibility and sense of belongingness. Although it does not imply that such leaders give control to others, but ensure that by becoming accountable employees learn to become proactive and responsible. More importantly, the successful leaders lead by setting their own examples. They consistently work towards setting up an acceptable example for their followers to trail. They tend to effectively practice what they are preaching to t heir followers. They are much more mindful of each action as they are aware that people are watching him as an example (Ciulla, 2013). The Full Range theory of leadership is the contemporary theory of leadership that is a component of transformational leadership, which enhances motivation and morale by connecting the employee's sense of identity to a project and the collective identity of the organization. For a leader to be successful in the business world, it is important that he have thorough hold of the various aspects of the performance and people who are capable of achieving those performances. They efficiently review the data and evaluate performances put in by his team in respect to the companys investment in them. They also believe in acknowledging the commendable and hard work put in by his teams, irrespective of the results. They are attentive in rewarding and recognizing the dependable performers in their team and never take them for granted. Also, successful leaders believe in the process of continuous feedback. Efficacious leaders continuously offer feedback and also allow reciprocal feedback from foll owers in order to create reliable associations with them. Followers also desire to ensure their leaders that their words and actions are being paid attention to and progressive insights and feedbacks are appreciated. Such leaders comprehend the supremacy of perspective and importance of feedback to achieve greater progress in the business (Zaccaro, LaPort and Jos, 2013). Along with the personality traits a successful leader must be able to recognize the talent pool of his employees and best possible ways to make use of it. They are specialists at triggering the competences of their followers and know how and when to deploy their exclusive ability in a particular situation. Also, even the successful leaders have many followers, they never hesitate to ask questions and look for counsel as and when needed (Smith, 2011). A good leader never stops learning and accept the limitations and weaknesses that he and his knowledge might have. Instead he keeps on looking for new ideas, concepts and knowledge so as to make themselves improved by using the knowledge of others. Another important behavioral pattern of successful leaders is their ability to deal with the problems in a time-bound manner, without procrastinating it. They have expertise and knowledge to reach to the core of the matter and thus efficiently solve the problems at hand. They use past experience and examples of others to learn and come up with solution that benefits all the stakeholders (Shamim, 2014). They also emanate positive energy among the colleagues and subordinates. Their attitude helps in creating inspirational and positive culture at workplace. They also know the art of motivating their followers and bring out their best performances. They stimulate actions in the positive direction and are not disrupted by failures. They prove to be excellent teachers. They never stop teaching their colleagues and followers. By teaching they make sure their followers are well versed with the relevant information and knowledge that would help them perform better to achieve the overall goals set by the company. They effectively mentor people around them and support people who have zeal to reach higher goals in their lives (Hopen, 2010). The successful leader put in investment in his relationships. They dont fierce protect their dominance; rather they expand it continuously by investing in commonly fruitful relationships (Wang, 2014). They influence people by playing the role of lifters rather than mere leaders. They instigate advancement for others along with his own and the companys growth. They share their success and help others to reach success. Also, the leaders have strong behavior to not only come forward and take responsibilities but enjoy accomplishment of such responsibilities and duties. This give them sense of achievement and inspire them to progress further in their live as well as motivate others around him. They love the role of leadership not for the power or admiration it brings in but for the responsible meaningfulness and purpose it gives to their work and lives (Spears, 2010). The pros and cons of different attributes of leaders and different theories of leaders suggest that the greatest attribute of leaders is the ability to lead from front. It is important that the leaders should take a balanced approach while managing the team. It is recommended that the leaders should always take the feedback from its subordinates. It is recommended that the leaders should be able to show the vision to the team members. Thus it is said that when a leader becomes successful, they not only serve the purpose of motivation, encouragement and mentoring for the followers but they enjoy doing so. They find the higher sense of purpose in doing so. We can conclude by saying that a leader is successful when his behavior helps them to sustain their accomplishments and increase the value of their role in the company and lives of the people he come across. The successful leader ultimately becomes an enabler of culture, abilities and beneficiary results. References Ciulla, J.B., 2013. Leadership ethics. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Crevani, L., Lindgren, M. and Packendorff, J., 2010. Leadership, not leaders: On the study of leadership as practices and interactions. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 26(1), pp.77-86. Hopen, D., 2010. The changing role and practices of successful leaders. The Journal for Quality and Participation, 33(1), p.4. Spears, L.C., 2010. Character and servant leadership: Ten characteristics of effective, caring leaders. The Journal of Virtues Leadership, 1(1), pp.25-30. Shamim, A, Ghazali, Z 2014, 'A Conceptual Model for Developing Customer Value Co-Creation Behaviour in Retailing',Global Business Management Research, 6, 3, pp. 185-196 Smith, E.A., (2011) 'The role of tacit and explicit knowledge in the workplace',Journal of Knowledge Management,5 (4), pp.311-321 Wang,S., Noe R.A. Wang ,Z. (2014) Motivating Knowledge Sharing in Knowledge Management Systems: A QuasiField Experiment Journal of ManagementVol. 40 No. 4, 978-1009 Zaccaro, S.J., LaPort, K. and Jos, I., 2013. The attributes of successful leaders: A performance requirements approach.

Market Indicators and Economy Indicators-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the dynamics between property market indicators and economy indicators, Evaluate and utilise those indicators to understand a property development or investment project. Answer: Introduction The report aims to discuss the basic elements related to property finance with the use of indicators such as GDP, confidence, inflation, employment, household wealth and property supply influencing the investor profit. Other aspects of the study have formulated a basic economic model. This structure has emphasized on the relationship of investor profit and economic performance and property performance. Such a model will be able to show the relation of investor profit which equates with the property indicators and economic indicators. The next important discussion has applied the model in the case study for construction of an airport in Western Sydney. The rationale for the construction of the new airport in this region is seen with increasing forecasted demand in the aviation services in next twenty years to a significant level. To relate the economic model in the given study the project has considered all the developmental activities which needs to be carried out near the airport. S ome of the main consideration will be taken with the commercial, industrial, and residential properties or a combination of them. The next stage of the stage has evaluated the economic model. The evaluation of the discussion is followed with the understanding of the dynamics among the economy indicators and market indicators. The evaluation of these pointers will be able to understand the link between property development and investment project. The important aspect of the description of the assignment is aimed to identify the market indicators affecting the construction of the new airport in Western Sydney (Akbaret al., 2015). Principles of property economics The principles related to property economics are associated with the supply and demand, anticipation, balance, conformity, externalities and substitution. The principle of supply and demand relates to the demand for an item due to the scarcity of the commodity. In general, a property with higher demand tends to bear an increased value. On the other hand, in case the demand for a property is seen to be low then the value will diminish accordingly. The principle of anticipation is inferred with the value of a property with future benefits. The future benefits normally take form of intangibles. This principle uses the increase in the value as per the anticipated benefits. For instance, if an individual purchased a property for $ 290,000 and similar property is available for $240,000, then an additional amount of $ 50,000 is paid for the anticipated benefits of the pool and not the cost. The principle of balance is considered with the property and environment in which the property is see n to be located. This consideration relates to the usage of land. This principle also states on the relationship between the cost of property, added cost and the value it can return. In terms of the optimum use of land, there would be greater instance of blend of land use. The optimum land use concept will be consisting of a mixture of apartments, single-family, contemporary shopping centres and nearby employment centres (Sinnett et al., 2016). The conformity principle is seen to be like balance but relates more to the characteristics of the real estate. It can hold the maximum value which is maintained with the aspects of reasonable conformity and non-monotonous uniformity among the properties. The main features of the principle of substitution relates to the decisions made by the real estate buyers and appraised as per the thought process of the appraiser. The substitution process is considered to identify the important elements of the various types of the other alternatives which is associated to satisfaction of similar wants, needs and desires. A prudent purchaser will be able to apply the various principles pertaining to the cost of building or buying another property. It needs to be observed that the effect of substitution can maintain the market balance. The substitution is based on the cost approach, sales comparison approach and income capitalization approach. The externalities principle is relied on the four major forces which are seen to be outside the property limits influencing the social, political, physical and economic boundaries. These concepts are depicted to be subjective in nature and action of buyers and sellers can maintain the values which are influenced by the forces which are outside the subject propertys boundaries (Cook et al., 2016). Some of the other important indicators affecting the value of the property is associated to the economic factors and non-economic factors such as interest rates and GDP. The increasing nature of GDP can state on the economic production of a region and the representation for the same is seen to be based on per capita basis. This consideration is useful in stating growth in the GDP and standard of living as the income rises. The confidence aspect is considered with the property decline, which is regarded considered as a critical indicator for the valuation of the property and several types of the other factors directly related to the valuation resulting in the reduced profits and price. In addition to this, the consumer price index is regarded as an important indicator of the property demand. In situations when there are inflation people are seen to restrict their spending decisions. Instead of the decision to spend the people often decide to opt for the strategy of saving. There have been several considerations which has shown the repercussions of real estate investment and its implications on the buyers properties which cannot be considered for sale. In addition to this, the significant considerations for the employment has a crucial role in maintaining stable property market. Unemployment is another important aspect which has a direct negative influence on the principles on the property market. In various situations, people may not be willing to pay their rents and mortgage amount. The implication of this is seen with considerable amount of increase in the mortgage sale along with a falling price in the property. In addition to this, certain aspects such as changes in the household wealth makes people to upgrade their lifestyle. The increase in the wealth is seen to be based on the different types of the important consideration for GFC savings (Pugalis Tan, 2017). Formulating a basic economic model The formulation of the economic model is identified with several types of economic and property conditions. The real investor profit is seen to be dependent on the various types of the factors such as interest rates, inflation, Gross Domestic Product and Foreign Exchange Rate. Henceforth, the main equation of the property is formulated: Investor Profit = Interest Rate + Inflation + Property Demand + GDP + Foreign Exchange Rate The main factors affecting the investor profit is considered for the formulation of the economic model which has combined the economic as well as the property related factors. In situations when there is an increase in the interest rate, the mortgage lenders are seen to increase the cost of variable associated to the mortgage payments. The higher rate of interest will make the purchase of the property look less attractive. However, from the investors point of view this is seen as a profitable venture. In Australia majority of the residents are depicted with a variable mortgage and even a small change in the interest rate can have a big impact on the affordability aspect of buying the house (Jennings et al., 2015). The property demand is critical in the formulation of the economic model. This is mainly seen with the fact that more is the value of the location, more will be the demand. For instance, the properties which are seen to be located beside a beach is more likely to be tagged with a higher price tag. The major landmarks such as airports calls for a premium price on setup of local business. This is due to the demand factor associated with the property (Pol, 2016). The deciding factor with the inflation is based on the element whether the property prices will increase or decrease in such a situation. In general, the increase in inflation rate is expected to drive up the prices of the property to a certain extent. These factors are evident with various types of the considerations which are seen to be based on the reducing spending power. Inflation has the power to dynamically affect the cost of credit (Shanahan et al., 2014). The essential costs such as food grains and rise in the petrol price is understood to be relied on the common mans income. It needs to be further seen that in Australia due to increase in cost of borrowing the income in most cases remained static and people wary for taking any kind of loan. This is mostly evident in case of house property. The natural reaction for the real estate developers will be able to consider the various types of the other factors which will be able to considerably affect the baseline factors for the investment purpose (Voyer et al., 2017). Due to the general characteristics of the increasing nature of the inflation the economic model has considered that any sort of increase in in the same would be conducive in increasing the overall value of the property. The understanding of the effect of inflation in the long term and short term can have a major impact on the prices of the property (Mitchell, 2016). The increase in the prices are seen to be based on the GDP as well. In case there is an increase in the price, then the wealth effect will be likely seen in terms of the consumer spending. This will lead to higher aggregate demand and expected to cause an increase in the real GDP and increased growth in the economy. The consumption spending on the housing services is able to bring more amount of gross rent and utilities paid by the renters. It is to be also understood that the owners imputed GDP has been long recognized with the standard practice in terms of the national income. The increase in GDP is directly related to the residential investment and the consumption spending on the housing service. This is a contributing factor for the different types of the services which are associated to the investors profit (Settre Wheeler, 2016). As per the construction of the economic model it needs to be considered that the Interest Rate, Inflation, Property Demand, GDP and Foreign Exchange Rate will be able to significantly have a positive impact on the investors profit. The formulation of the economic model is based on property factors such as demographics. This aspect is seen to be evident in terms of the migration which takes place with the level of population. The facilities such as parking, will also add to the property value. This is directly related to the property demand in the areas with major landmarks. The government policies and subsidies also play a determining role in terms of property demand and prices (Florec et al., 2016). Applying the formulated model to the project provided As per the given case it needs to be understood that the goods transport link is taken into consideration with the increasing aviation demand. The investment cost of the project is depicted to be higher than the existing airport projects. This is seen to be evident with airport length of 10.5 Km. The construction stage 1 will be seen with the increasing demand for the services and the goods in Western Sydney. In addition to this, the construction period is expected to generate an additional $ 1.9 Billion for the Western Sydney economy. The construction of period is also discerned to generate more than 11,000 jobs related to the service industry. In the early 2030s the proposed Western Sydney Airport is expected to create more than 29,200 jobs by the end of 2063 (Florec et al., 2016). The application of the economic model Investor Profit = Interest Rate + Inflation + Property Demand + GDP + Foreign Exchange Rate, is expected to ensure maximum amount of profit to the investment agencies planning to invest in the construction of the new airport. Based on the recent reports it needs to be understood that the banks are increasing the overall rate of interest for the borrowers. This is done mainly to lift the sale of the property. The connectivity of the airport will be conducive in terms of creation of new jobs and contribute to the overall economic growth of the country. This factor is seen to be beneficial for driving the property demand. As per the market point of view the total scope of increase in the interest rate is considered with a chance of 50:50 ratio and the increase of 1.75% from the current rate of 1.5%. The National Australia Bank are considering for increase in two rates by 2018. The forecast of increasing interest rate will contribute to the overall i ncrease in the investor profit (Florec et al., 2016). The effect of inflation on the property price is grounded on the tendency of currency to reduce the overall purchasing power. This consideration distorts the image of not only the individual assets but also economy. The effect of inflation in the property of Australia is directly related to affect the overall nature of the demand for the land (Miller et al., 2015). There have been several factors associated to the property factors, such as construction of the airport in 1,780 hectares greenfield site. The first stage will consist of a 3.7 km runway, which will be able to handle 10 million passengers. The factors are directly related to be associated to drive increase the demand of the airport. In addition to this, the property value at the site of the airport will relate to high quality transport connectivity. This factor is given with the fact that Australian and New South Wales Governments are investing in new transport connections through the $3.6 billion. The property factors have shown several types of the other increasing trend which is associated to handling of more than 82 million passengers every year (Roberts, Beckley Tull, 2014). The connectivity factors for the airport will be also considered with increasing property value. The property factors will be seen to be conducive in increasing the overall investor profit for the project. The changes pertaining to the Foreign Exchange Rate is seen to affect the overseas investors in the construction program. The Australian Dollar is highly volatile and prone to movement with 1% up or down in a single day. This consideration is seen to be depicted with the changes in the large currency transfers and can dramatically change in short period of time. A weak AUD exchange is depicted with a quicker sale of property, however from the investors point of view this is not seen to be profitable venture (Rimmer, 2017). Evaluation of economic model application The evaluation of the economic model application is seen with the benefits in terms of the environmental and the developmental requirements, preparation of the airport sites and airspace design. The evaluation importance is also understood to be conducive with the determining an Airport operator and developer. The consideration of the interest rate will be able to track the investors property as per the increase or decrease in the rate of interest. Moreover, the evaluation of the model is seen to be conducive in addressing the present situation of the property demand for the construction of the new airport (Florec Pannell, 2016). The several types of the positive aspects of the property demand is influencing the investors profit in the major way. Furthermore, the important considerations for the sustainability aspect is also able to reflect the Infrastructure Sustainability Council of Australia ratings, Green Star ratings and National Australian Built Environment Rating System. The changes in the foreign exchange rates will be able to contribute to the investment decisions made by the foreign investors. The construction of the airport is further observed to simulate the local economy in industries relating to aviation like retail, professional service, transportation and logistics. The economic impacts will be able to draw more amount of economic activity, population growth, and employment growth towards Western Sydney. This consideration is seen to be conducive in terms of the creating rebalance with the economic development in the Sydney region (McRae-Williams Guenther, 2016). Conclusion As per the discourse of the study, values of property economics are considered with the principles related to supply and demand, anticipation, balance, conformity, externalities and substitution. The formulation of the basic economic model is recognized to be considered with the combination of economic as well as the property related factors. In situations when there is an increase in the interest rate, the mortgage lenders are seen to increase the cost of variable associated to the mortgage payments. The higher rate of interest will make the purchase of the property look less attractive. However, from the investor point of view this is seen as a profitable venture. In addition to this, the applying the formulated model to the project is considered with the devising of the economic model which can combine the economic as well as the property related factors. In situations when there is an increase in the interest rate, the mortgage lenders are seen to increase the cost of variable as sociated to the mortgage payments. Evaluation of economic model application is considered with the application of the economic model such as Investor Profit = Interest Rate + Inflation + Property Demand + GDP + Foreign Exchange Rate, which is expected to ensure maximum amount of profit to the investment agencies. Based on the recent reports it needs to be understood that the banks are increasing the overall rate of interest for the borrowers. This is done mainly to lift the sale of the property. References Akbar, D., Rolfe, J., Small, G., Hossain, R. (2015). Assessing flood impacts on the regional property markets in Queensland, Australia.Australasian Journal of Regional Studies,21(2), 160. Armstrong, S. (2015). The economic impact of the AustraliaUS free trade agreement.Australian Journal of International Affairs,69(5), 513-537. Brotchie, J., Morrison, D. (2017). Insolvent trading and voluntary administration in Australia: economic winners and losers?.Accounting Finance. Cook, N., Davison, A., Crabtree, L. (Eds.). (2016).Housing and Home Unbound: Intersections in Economics, Environment and Politics in Australia. Routledge. Corones, S. G. (2014).Competition law in Australia. Thomson Reuters Australia, Limited. Florec, V., Pannell, D. J. (2016). Economic assessment of bushfire risk management options in Western Australia: case studies in the Perth Hills and in the south-west of Western Australia. Florec, V., Pannell, D., Burton, M., Kelso, J., Milne, G. (2016, August). Think long term: the costs and benefits of prescribed burning in the south west of Western Australia. InResearch Forum 2016: Proceedings from the Research Forum at the Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC AFAC Conference(Vol. 30, p. 139). Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC ISBN: 978-0-9941696-6-2 September 2016. Jennings, S., Coglan, L., McWhinnie, S., Pascoe, S., Tisdell, J., Frusher, S. (2015). Building economic capability to improve the management of marine resources in Australia. McRae-Williams, E., Guenther, J. (2016). What are the enablers of economic participation in remote and very remote Australia, and how can we identify them?. Miller, T., Kim, A. B., Holmes, K. R. (2015). 2015 Index of economic Freedom.Washington DC: The Heritage Foundation. Mitchell, A. D. (2016). Tobacco Packaging Measures Affecting Intellectual Property Protection Under International Investment Law: The Claims Against Uruguay and Australia. Pol, E. (2016). Argentinas Current Phase of Economic Development: A Comparison with Australia. Pugalis, L., Tan, S. (2017). Metropolitan and Regional Economic Development: Competing and Contested Local Government Roles in Australia in the 21st Century.Australian And New Zealand Regional Science Association International. Rimmer, M. (2017). Intellectual property and self-driving cars: Waymo vs Uber: Supplementary submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Industry, Innovation, Science and Resources' inquiry into the social issues relating to land-based driverless vehicles in Australia. Roberts, R., Beckley, L. E., Tull, M. (2014). Cyclonic storm-surge risk: a hedonic case study of residential property in Exmouth, Western Australia. Settre, C., Wheeler, S. A. (2016). Environmental water governance in the Murray-Darling Basin of Australia: the movement from regulation and engineering to economic-based instruments. InHandbook of Environmental and Sustainable Finance(pp. 67-91). Shanahan, D. F., Lin, B. B., Gaston, K. J., Bush, R., Fuller, R. A. (2014). Socio-economic inequalities in access to nature on public and private lands: a case study from Brisbane, Australia.Landscape and Urban Planning,130, 14-23. Sinnett, A., Behrendt, R., Ho, C., Malcolm, B. (2016). The carbon credits and economic return of environmental plantings on a prime lamb property in south eastern Australia.Land Use Policy,52, 374-381. Voyer, M., Barclay, K., McIlgorm, A., Mazur, N. (2017). Connections or conflict? A social and economic analysis of the interconnections between the professional fishing industry, recreational fishing and marine tourism in coastal communities in NSW, Australia.Marine Policy,76, 114-121