Conformer Chemistry Definition

A conformer is an isomer of a molecule that differs from another isomer by the rotation of a single bond in the molecule. A conformer is also known as a conformational isomer. The isomers that are formed are known as conformation. Conformer Example Butane forms three conformers with regard to its methyl (CH3) groups. Two of these are gauche conformers and one is an anti conformer. Of the three, the anti conformer is the most stable. Source Moss, GP (1996-01-01). Basic terminology of stereochemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1996). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 68 (12): 2193–2222. doi:10.1351/pac199668122193

Gertrude, Claudius, and Hamlet Various Perspectives of Death

Losing a loved one can be difficult, hard, and can even drive a person insane. In Shakespeare’s play Hamlet death takes its toll on the entire royal family. When King Hamlet died, it caused Claudius to take the thrown and the hand of queen Gertrude. As soon as the King and Queen hear about how mad Hamlet has gone they discuss the idea of death and wonder if the thought of death or not mourning the made him go crazy. Claudius quotes, â€Å"When sorrows come, they come not single spies. But in battalions† (3.4.52-53). This quote symbolizes that death brings sorrow and how this is a view on death. Although mourning is common between characters in the beginning of the play, views on death become different and apparent among†¦show more content†¦The quote means that he wants her to repent before it is to late and she is damn’d to an eternity in Hell. When advice is given it is sometimes given as a comfort or a closure for the one who has lost a loved one. Richard Fly wrote the article Accommodating Death: The Ending of Hamlet, which states that Gertrude tries to use her words as a comfort to her son by explaining that it is simply part of life. Gertrude explains, â€Å"Thou know’st tis common: All that lives must die passing through nature to eternity† (257). Gertrude does not seem to show much sympathy for King Hamlet being dead because she thinks it is something that is supposed to happen eventually. Gertrude also hopes her words will be a comfort her son to make him feel at ease with his father’s death. Killing someone could possibly take a toil on how death is viewed in that person. Claudius reacts differently to death, which may be due to the fact that he did indeed kill his brother for the title of king. Claudius explains to Hamlet, â€Å"Though yet of Hamlet our dear brother’s death The memory be green, and that it us befitted To bear our hearts in grief and our whole kingdom To be contracted in one brow of woe, Yet so far hath discretion fought with nature That we with wisest sorrow think on him Together with remembrance of ourselves† (1.2.1-5). This quote says that yes life goes on but remembering yourselfShow MoreRelatedHamlet Analysis Essay On Hamlet954 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeares play, Hamlet, is an intriguing and intricate drama about an individual who wants to avenge the death of his father. Prince Hamlet’s father, King Hamlet, was once king and the throne was inherited by his evil brother, King Claudius. In addition to inheriting the throne, Claudius has married Prince Hamlet’s mother, Gertrude, which is perceived as weird and unlawful. Interestingly, Prince Hamlet has cohesive evidence that King Claudius is responsible for the death of his father. As aRead MoreHamlet Plot Analysis1651 Words   |  7 PagesExposition A. Who? †¢ Hamlet, Ophelia, Ghost, Francisco, Fortinbras, Reynaldo, Horatio, Claudius (king). B. When? †¢ This story took place in the 15th century specifically in Medieval times. C. Where? †¢ The story occurred in Denmark, specifically in Elsinore. D. Background information: †¢ Hamlet, seeks revenge in his uncle who had killed his father who was the king. The story involved Hamlet who seeks justice upon his father, then seeks the opportunity to claimRead MorePerfect Idealism In Shakespeares Hamlet1631 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The play Hamlet is a fable of how the ghost of a slain king comes to haunt the living with disastrous consequences. A rancorous ghost and a brother s murder, lead the gloomy setting of Hamlet s Denmark. Hamlet story opens with an encounter between young Hamlet, his dad s ghost as well as the prince of Denmark. 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It is apparent that the character Hamlet, in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, maintains his sanity. Few experts believe that Hamlet’s insanity is clearly demonstrated by his actions. Some scholars believe that Hamlet proves to be undoubtedly insane during various situations. Maurice Baudin states, in â€Å"The Rà ´le of the Ghost† from Modern Language Notes, that the scene where Hamlet and Gertrude are in the bedroom conversing only Hamlet sees the ghost suggestsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Essay3604 Words   |  15 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Hamlet was written around the year 1600 in the final years of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, who had been the monarch of England for more than forty years and was then in her late sixties. 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Frostbite PROLOGUE Free Essays

Like always, this book couldn’t have been written without the help and support of my friends and family. In particular, I need to thank my IM Counseling Team: Caitlin, David, Jay, Jackie, and Kat. You guys logged more late-night online hours than I can even begin to count. We will write a custom essay sample on Frostbite PROLOGUE or any similar topic only for you Order Now I couldn’t have gotten through this book and the rest of this year’s craziness without you. Thanks also to my agent, Jim McCarthy, who has moved heaven, earth, and deadlines to help me finish what I need to. I’m glad you’ve got my back. And finally, many thanks to Jessica Rothenberg and Ben Schrank at Razorbill for their continued support and hard work. For Kat Richardson, who is very wise. PROLOGUE THINGS DIE. BUT THEY DON’T always stay dead. Believe me, I know. There’s a race of vampires on this earth who are literally the walking dead. They’re called Strigoi, and if you’re not already having nightmares about them, you should be. They’re strong, they’re fast, and they kill without mercy or hesitation. They’re immortal, toowhich kind of makes them a bitch to destroy. There are only three ways to do it: a silver stake through the heart, decapitation, and setting them on fire. None of those is easy to pull off, but it’s better than having no options at all. There are also good vampires walking the world. They’re called Moroi. They’re alive, and they possess the incredibly cool power to wield magic in each of the four elements earth, air, water, and fire. (Well, most Moroi can do thisbut I’ll explain more about the exceptions later). They don’t really use the magic for much anymore, which is kind of sad. It’d be a great weapon, but the Moroi strongly believe magic should only be used peacefully. It’s one of the biggest rules in their society. Moroi are also usually tall and slim, and they can’t handle a lot of sunlight. But they do have superhuman senses that make up for it: sight, smell, and hearing. Both kinds of vampires need blood. That’s what makes them vampires, I guess. Moroi don’t kill to take it, however. Instead, they keep humans around who willingly donate small amounts. They volunteer because vampire bites contain endorphins that feel really, really good and can become addictive. I know this from personal experience. These humans are called feeders and are essentially vampire-bite junkies. Still, keeping feeders around is better than the way the Strigoi do things, because, as you might expect, they kill for their blood. I think they like it. If a Moroi kills a victim while drinking, he or she will turn into a Strigoi. Some Moroi do this by choice, giving up their magic and their morals for immortality. Strigoi can also be created by force. If a Strigoi drinks blood from a victim and then makes that person drink Strigoi blood in return, well†¦you get a new Strigoi. This can happen to anyone: Moroi, human, or †¦ dhampir. Dhampir. That’s what I am. Dhampirs are half-human, half-Moroi. I like to think we got the best traits of both races. I’m strong and sturdy, like humans are. I can also go out in the sun as much as I want. But, like the Moroi, I have really good senses and fast reflexes. The result is that dhampirs make the ultimate bodyguardswhich is what most of us are. We’re called guardians. I’ve spent my entire life training to protect Moroi from Strigoi. I have a whole set of special classes and practices I take at St. Vladimir’s Academy, a private school for Moroi and dhampirs. I know how to use all sorts of weapons and can land some pretty mean kicks. I’ve beaten up guys twice my sizeboth in and out of class. And really, guys are pretty much the only ones I beat up, since there are very few girls in any of my classes. Because while dhampirs inherit all sorts of great traits, there’s one thing we didn’t get. Dhampirs can’t have children with other dhampirs. Don’t ask me why. It’s not like I’m a geneticist or anything. Humans and Moroi getting together will always make more dhampirs; that’s where we came from in the first place. But that doesn’t happen so much anymore; Moroi tend to stay away from humans. Through another weird genetic fluke, however, Moroi and dhampirs mixing will create dhampir children. I know, I know: it’s crazy. You’d think you’d get a baby that’s three-quarters vampire, right? Nope. Half human, half Moroi. Most of these dhampirs are born from Moroi men and dhampir women getting together. Moroi women stick to having Moroi babies. What this usually means is that Moroi men have flings with dhampir women and then take off. This leaves a lot of single dhampir mothers, and that’s why not as many of them become guardians. They’d rather focus on raising their children. As a result, only the guys and a handful of girls are left to become guardians. But those who choose to protect Moroi are serious about their jobs. Dhampirs need Moroi to keep having kids. We have to protect them. Plus, it’s just†¦well, it’s the honorable thing to do. Strigoi are evil and unnatural. It isn’t right for them to prey on the innocent. Dhampirs who train to be guardians have this drilled into them from the time they can walk. Strigoi are evil. Moroi must be protected. Guardians believe this. I believe this. And there’s one Moroi I want to protect more than anyone in the world: my best friend, Lissa. She’s a Moroi princess. The Moroi have twelve royal families, and she’s the only one left in hersthe Dragomirs. But there’s something else that makes Lissa special, aside from her being my best friend. Remember when I said every Moroi wields one of the four elements? Well, it turns out Lissa wields one no one even knew existed until recently: spirit. For years, we thought she just wasn’t going to develop her magical abilities. Then strange things started happening around her. For example, all vampires have an ability called compulsion that lets them force their will on others. Strigoi have it really strongly. It’s weaker in Moroi, and it’s also forbidden. Lissa, however, has it almost as much as a Strigoi. She can bat her eyelashes, and people will do what she wants. But that’s not even the coolest thing she can do. I said earlier that dead things don’t always stay dead. Well, I’m one of them. Don’t worryI’m not like the Strigoi. But I did die once. (I don’t recommend it.) It happened when the car I was riding in slid off the road. The accident killed me, Lissa’s parents, and her brother. Yet, somewhere in the chaoswithout even realizing itLissa used spirit to bring me back. We didn’t know about this for a long time. In fact, we didn’t even know spirit existed at all. Unfortunately, it turned out that one person did know about spirit before we did. Victor Dashkov, a dying Moroi prince, found out about Lissa’s powers and decided he wanted to lock her up and make her his own personal healerfor the rest of her life. When I realized someone was stalking her, I decided to take matters into my own hands. I broke us out of school to run off and live among humans. It was funbut also kind of nerve-wrackingto always be on the run. We got away with this for two years until the authorities at St. Vladimir’s hunted us down and dragged us back a few months ago. That was when Victor made his real move, kidnapping her and torturing her until she gave into his demands. In the process, he took some pretty extreme measureslike zapping me and Dimitri, my mentor, with a lust spell. (I’ll get to him later). Victor also exploited the way spirit was starting to make Lissa mentally unstable. But even that wasn’t as bad as what he did to his own daughter Natalie. He went so far as to encourage her to turn into a Strigoi to help cover his escape. She ended up getting staked. Even when captured after the fact, Victor didn’t seem to display too much guilt over what he’d asked her to do. Makes me think I wasn’t missing out on growing up without a father. Still, I now have to protect Lissa from Strigoi and Moroi. Only a few officials know about what she can do, but I’m sure there are other Victors out there who would want to use her. Fortunately, I have an extra weapon to help me guard her. Somewhere during my healing in the car accident, spirit forged a psychic bond between her and me. I can see and feel what she experiences. (It only works one way, though. She can’t â€Å"feel† me.) The bond helps me keep an eye on her and know when she’s in trouble, although sometimes, it’s weird having another person inside your head. We’re pretty sure there are lots of other things spirit can do, but we don’t know what they are yet. In the meantime, I’m trying to be the best guardian I can be. Running away put me behind in my training, so I have to take extra classes to make up for lost time. There’s nothing in the world I want more than to keep Lissa safe. Unfortunately, I’ve got two things that complicate my training now and then. One is that I sometimes act before I think. I’m getting better at avoiding this, but when something sets me off, I tend to punch first and then find out who I actually hit later. When it comes to those I care about being in danger†¦well, rules seem optional. The other problem in my life is Dimitri. He’s the one who killed Natalie, and he’s a total badass. He’s also pretty good-looking. Okaymore than good-looking. He’s hotlike, the kind of hot that makes you stop walking on the street and get hit by traffic. But, like I said, he’s my instructor. And he’s twenty-four. Both of those are reasons why I shouldn’t have fallen for him. But, honestly, the most important reason is that he and I will be Lissa’s guardians when she graduates. If he and I are checking each other out, then that means we aren’t looking out for her. I haven’t had much luck in getting over him, and I’m pretty sure he still feels the same about me. Part of what makes it so difficult is that he and I got pretty hot and heavy when we got hit with the lust spell. Victor had wanted to distract us while he kidnapped Lissa, and it had worked. I’d been ready to give up my virginity, and Dimitri had been ready to take it. At the last minute, we broke the spell, but those memories are always with me and make it kind of hard to focus on combat moves sometimes. By the way, my name’s Rose Hathaway. I’m seventeen years old, training to protect and kill vampires, in love with a completely unsuitable guy, and have a best friend whose weird magic could drive her crazy. Hey, no one said high school was easy. How to cite Frostbite PROLOGUE, Essay examples

Constant-Head Permeability Test free essay sample

In the design of engineering projects, one of the most important soil properties of interest to the soils engineer is permeability. To some degree, permeability will play a role in the design of almost any structure. For example, the durability of concrete is related to its permeability. In designs that make use of earthen materials (soils and rock, etc. ) the permeability of these materials will usually be of great importance. Soils are permeable (water may flow through them) because they consist not only of solid particles, but a network of interconnected pores. The degree to which soils are permeable depends upon a number of factors, such as soil type, grain size distribution and soil history. This degree of permeability is characterized by the coefficient of permeability. A number of different methods for determining the coefficient of permeability for soils exist, including in-situ methods and laboratory methods. In the laboratory, two common tests are generally used to determine this soil property. We will write a custom essay sample on Constant-Head Permeability Test or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These two tests are the falling head permeability test and the constant head permeability test. Which test is used depends upon the type of soil to be tested. For soils of high permeability (sands and gravels) a constant head test is used. For soils of intermediate to low permeability, a falling head test is used. As we were testing sand we used a constant head permeability test. By carrying out the constant head permeability test we can determine the coefficients of permeability of given sand over a range of unit weights. During the test we can also observe the phenomenon of piping. Initially adjust to a difference of 20 mms. Allow to stand for a few minutes and adjust if necessary. Using a measuring cylinder and a stop watch determine the rate of flow then accurately measure the head difference in the stand pipes and hence determine the hydraulic gradient. Increase the flow to give a head difference of about 40mms and repeat above steps. Keep increasing by increments of about 20mms till piping occurs. When piping occurs note critical value. Compact sample to produce a dense packing then repeat experiment. At best the constant head permeability test gives only a guide to the coefficient of permeability of the soil under test. The reasons are as follows. It is difficult to ensure that there has been no sample disturbance. This is particularly so with course grained soils where, because it is almost impossible to take undisturbed samples, the sample is compacted into the peraeameter. This in turn meaning that although we can gain accurate readings and results on the sand we tested in the lab, in practise the tested subjects would behave differently on site. The behaviour and properties of soils over a large area vary from those of a test sample. Within a large mass of soil there are permeability variations, possibly in every direction, over quite small plan areas. Consequently it is necessary to test representative samples in order to establish valid permeability characteristics. Where the direction of seepage is predominantly horizontal or at an inclined angle, observation of the permeability characteristics in a vertical direction is of little practical value.